Knee pain is a common complaint among adults, and one of the leading causes is osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease where the cartilage cushioning the knee joint gradually wears away. This can result in pain, stiffness, reduced mobility, and even difficulty performing daily activities. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options can help manage this condition effectively and improve quality of life.
What is Osteoarthritis of the Knee?
The knee joint is made up of the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and patella (kneecap). Cartilage covers the ends of these bones, allowing smooth movement and absorbing shock. In osteoarthritis:
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Cartilage gradually wears down.
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The joint space narrows.
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Bones may rub against each other, causing pain and inflammation.
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Bone spurs (osteophytes) can develop, further restricting movement.
Knee OA is often progressive, meaning it worsens over time if untreated.
Causes of Knee Osteoarthritis
Several factors can contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis:
1. Age
Aging is a significant risk factor. As we grow older, cartilage loses elasticity, and wear and tear make joints more susceptible to degeneration.
2. Obesity
Excess body weight increases pressure on knee joints, accelerating cartilage wear and increasing the risk of OA.
3. Previous Injuries
Knee injuries, such as ligament tears or fractures, can lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis years later.
4. Genetics
Family history can play a role. Certain inherited factors may make cartilage weaker or joints more prone to damage.
5. Overuse and Occupation
Jobs or activities involving repetitive kneeling, squatting, or heavy lifting can increase the risk.
6. Joint Misalignment
Conditions like bow legs or knock knees can put uneven pressure on the knee, leading to early cartilage damage.
Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee OA symptoms may develop gradually and include:
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Pain: Often worsens with activity and improves with rest.
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Stiffness: Especially after waking up or sitting for long periods.
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Swelling: Inflammation may cause mild swelling around the joint.
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Reduced Range of Motion: Difficulty bending or straightening the knee.
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Grinding Sensation: Feeling of bones rubbing or popping during movement.
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Weakness: Muscles around the knee may weaken, causing instability.
Symptoms can affect one or both knees and impact daily activities like walking, climbing stairs, or standing for long periods.
Diagnosis
A doctor may use a combination of physical examination and imaging tests:
Physical Examination
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Check for swelling, tenderness, and range of motion.
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Assess gait and knee alignment.
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Examine muscles supporting the knee for weakness.
Imaging Tests
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X-rays: Show joint space narrowing, bone spurs, and cartilage loss.
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MRI: Provides detailed images of cartilage, ligaments, and soft tissues.
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Ultrasound: Can detect inflammation and fluid in the joint.
Laboratory Tests
Blood tests may be done to rule out other causes of joint pain, such as rheumatoid arthritis or infections.
Treatment Options for Knee Osteoarthritis
Treatment depends on severity, age, activity level, and overall health. Options include conservative management, medications, and surgical interventions.
1. Lifestyle and Conservative Management
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Weight Management: Reducing body weight decreases stress on the knee.
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Exercise: Low-impact activities like swimming, cycling, and walking strengthen muscles and improve joint mobility.
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Physical Therapy: Customized exercises to improve flexibility, balance, and stability.
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Assistive Devices: Knee braces or walking aids can reduce pain and provide support.
2. Medications
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Pain Relievers: Acetaminophen or NSAIDs (ibuprofen) help relieve pain and inflammation.
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Topical Analgesics: Creams or gels applied to the knee for localized pain relief.
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Corticosteroid Injections: Reduce inflammation and relieve pain for a few months.
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Hyaluronic Acid Injections: Provide cushioning and improve joint lubrication.
3. Surgical Treatment
Surgery is considered when conservative treatment fails, and the knee becomes severely painful or deformed.
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Arthroscopy: Minimally invasive surgery to clean damaged cartilage or remove bone spurs.
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Osteotomy: Realigning the bones to shift weight away from the damaged part of the knee.
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Partial Knee Replacement: Replaces only the damaged part of the knee joint.
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Total Knee Replacement: Entire knee joint is replaced with a prosthesis for advanced OA.
Preventing Knee Osteoarthritis
Preventive measures can slow disease progression and reduce symptoms:
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Maintain a healthy weight.
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Exercise regularly to strengthen muscles around the knee.
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Avoid repetitive stress on the knee joint.
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Practice proper posture and body mechanics during work and sports.
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Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D to support bone health.
Recovery and Prognosis
With early detection and proper management, most people with knee OA can lead active lives. Conservative treatments can relieve symptoms and improve function, while surgical options provide long-term relief for severe cases. Lifestyle changes, exercise, and regular monitoring are essential to prevent progression.
Conclusion
Osteoarthritis of the knee is a common but manageable condition. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, and timely medical intervention can help reduce pain, improve mobility, and maintain quality of life. If you experience persistent knee pain or stiffness, consulting an orthopaedic specialist is crucial for proper evaluation and treatment.
